Question 1
Chloroplasts contain six compartments—outer membrane, intermembrane space,
inner membrane, stroma, thylakoid membrane, and thylakoid lumen—each of which is
populated by specific sets of proteins.
Many of these proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, translated in the cytosol, and then
post-translationally directed to the appropriate chloroplast compartment. To investigate the
import of proteins in to chloroplasts, you have cloned the cDNAs for ferredoxin (FD), which
is located in the stroma, and plastocyanin (PC), which is located in the thylakoid lumen.
Furthermore, using recombinant DNA techniques, you have constructed two hybrid genes:
ferredoxin with the plastocyanin signal peptide (PCFD) and plastocyanin with the ferredoxin
signal peptide (FDPC). You translate mRNAs from these four genes in vitro, mix the
translation products with isolated chloroplasts for a few minutes, reisolate the chloroplasts
after protease treatment, and fractionate them to find which compartments the proteins
have entered. The status of the normal and hybrid proteins at each stage of the experiment
are shown in the Figure: each lane in the gels corresponds to a stage of the experiment as
indicated alongside the experimental protocol.
(I) Experimental Protocol:
Translate mRNA in vitro (lane 1)
Add chloroplasts (lane 2)
Treat with protease & reisolate chloroplasts (lane 3)
Fractionate Chloroplasts
inner and outer membranes (lane 4)
stroma (lane 5)
thylakoids (lane 6)
thylakoids + protease (lane 7)
(II) Gel Analysis: